HEALTHCARE TOURISM: CONCEPTUAL RELEVANCE IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT
Keywords:
Health / Care Tourism, Medical / Wellness Tourism / Destination(s), Self-Pay, India(n), Alternate Medicine, Word of Mouth, Āyurvēda
Abstract
We live in an era of rapidly accelerating change. Powerful forces are converging to fundamentally alter ways of living, working, and interacting all around the world. That, in turn, is driving new imperatives for business and unique opportunities and challenges for the travel and tourism sector causing companies, customers, and employees alike to be affected by these transformations (e.g. continued rise in outbound travel from Asia). Healthcare tourism is categorised into three: Outbound where patients travel outside their territorial borders for treatment; Inbound where foreign nationals travel another country for treatment; Intrabound where patients travel domestically for treatment. This paper focuses on inbound healthcare tourism providing a holistic understanding of the industry in India via summarisation of existing knowledge by knitting together the existing mass of literature published most recently in the healthcare tourism sector where it draws upon the main causes and effects of healthcare industry as well as the spread of it which yields great insight and its application in the developing world context. The United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) estimates that medical tourism will be the main business of the 21-century prompting the developing destinations to label the healthcare tourism industry as the industry of the future.
References
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Badulescu, D., & Badulescu, A. (2014). Medical tourism: Between entrepreneurship opportunities and bioethics boundaries: Narrative review article. Iranian journal of public health, 43(4), 406-415.
Baker, D. M. (2015). Medical tourism development, challenges and opportunities for Asia. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 6(12), 193-210.
Barnato, K. (2014). Top destinations for health tourism. CNBC LLC, A Division of NBC Universal. Retrieved from: http://www.cnbc.com/2014/03/12/top-destinations-for-health-tourism.html
Bartold, P. M. (2010). Medical tourism – An emerging problem. Australian Dental Journal, 55(4), 357-357. doi: 10.1111/j.1834- 7819.2010.01254.x
Beladi, H., Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., & Hollas, D. (2015). Medical tourism and health worker migration in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 46, 391-396. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.045
Bies, W., & Zacharia, L. (2007). Medical tourism: Outsourcing surgery. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46(7-8), 1144- 1159. doi: 10.1016/j.mcm.2007.03.027
Birch, D. W., Vu, L., Karmali, S., Stoklossa, C. J., & Sharma, A. M. (2010). Medical tourism in bariatric surgery. The American Journal of Surgery, 199(5), 604-608. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.01.002
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Bujdosó, Z., & Dávid, L. (2013). Extreme sports and other activities in tourism with special regard to the Mátra Mountain. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 13(1), 39-45.
Cai, S. S., Chopra, K,, & Lifchez, S. D. (2016) Management of Mycobacterium abscessus infection after medical tourism in cosmetic surgery and a review of literature. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 77(6), 678-682 doi: 10.1097/SAP.00000000000007
Carrera, P. M., & Bridges, J. F. (2006). Globalization and healthcare: Understanding health and medical tourism. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research, 6(4), 447-454.
Chaniotis, A. (2005). Ritual dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean: Case studies in ancient Greece and Asia Minor. In: Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford, S.141-166.
Chantrapornchai, C., & Choksuchat, C. (2016). Ontology construction and application in practice case study of health tourism in Thailand. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 2106.
Cheah, C.-F., & Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2014). Tourism, health and income in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences, 12. doi: 10.1051/shsconf/20141201039
Chen, Y. Y. B., & Flood, C. M. (2013). Medical tourism’s impact on health care equity and access in low- and middle-income countries: Making the case for regulation. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 41(1), 286-300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12019
Chin, J. J. L., & Campbell, A. V. (2012). Transplant tourism or international transplant medicine? A case for making the distinction. American Journal of Transplantation, 12(7), 1700-1707.
Chuang, T. C., Liu, J. S., Lu, L. Y., & Lee, Y. (2014). The main paths of medical tourism: From transplantation to beautification. Tourism Management, 45, 49-58. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.016
Cohen, I. G. (2012). How to regulate medical tourism (and why it matters for bioethics). Developing world bioethics, 12(1), 9-20.
Connell, J. (2013). Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and commodification. Tourism Management, 34, 1- 13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.05.009
Cormany, D., & Baloglu, S. (2011). Medical travel facilitator websites: An exploratory study of web page contents and services offered to the prospective medical tourist. Tourism Management, 32(4), 709-716.
Crush, J., & Chikanda, A. (2015). South–South medical tourism and the quest for health in Southern Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 124, 313-320.
Dawn, S. K., & Pal, S. (2011). Medical tourism in India: issues, opportunities and designing strategies for growth and development. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(3), 7-10.
Department of Industry, Science and Resources. (2000). Towards a National Sports Tourism Strategy–Draft. Commonwealth of Australia.
Ehrbeck, T., Guevara, C., & Mango, P. D. (2008). Mapping the market for medical travel. The McKinsey Quarterly, 11.
Engleson, S. (2017). The future of voice from smartphones to smart speakers to smart homes. December, Comscore.com
FICCI, Ernst & Young. (2007). Ernst and Young Analysis along with FICCI. Retrieved from http://www.ficci.com/mediaroom/speeches-presentations/2007/jan07/ExecutiveSummaryReport.pdf
Gan, L. L., & Song, H. (2012). A SWOT Analysis of medical tourism: India and South Korea. Available at SSRN 2194856.
Gannon, M. J. et al. (2017). Travelling for Umrah: Destination attributes, destination image, and post-travel intentions. The Service Industries Journal, 37(7-8), 448-465. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2017.1333601
Garcia-Altes, A. (2005). The development of health tourism services. Annals of tourism research, 32(1), 262-266.
Glinos, I. A., Baeten, R., & Maarse, H. (2010). Purchasing health services abroad: Practices of cross-border contracting and patient mobility in six European countries. Health Policy, 95(2-3), 103-112.
Herrick, D. M. (2007). Medical tourism: Global competition in health care. National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), Policy Report, 304, 19-20.
Horowitz, M. D., Rosensweig, J. A., & Jones, C. A. (2007). Medical tourism: Globalization of the healthcare marketplace. Medscape General Medicine, 9(4), 33.
Hrelia, S. (2015). Food, tourism and health: A possible sinergy?. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 6(11), 1-10.
Iorio, M. L., Verma, K., Ashktorab, S., & Davison, S. P. (2014). Medical tourism in plastic surgery: ethical guidelines and practice standards for perioperative care. Aesthetic plastic surgery, 38(3), 602-607. doi: 10.1007/s00266-014-0322-6
Jaapar, M., Musa, G., Moghavvemi, S., & Saub, R. (2017). Dental tourism: Examining tourist profiles, motivation and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 61, 538-552.
Jamison, D. T. et al. (Eds.). (2017). Global health 2035: A world converging within a generation. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
JCI, JCI-Accredited Organizations, http://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/about-jci/jci- accredited-organizations/ (2013).
Kajzar, P. (2015). Selected Destinations for Health and Wellness Tourism in Europe. XVIII. mezinárodní kolokvium oregionálních vědách. Sborník příspěvků. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, [Masaryk University’s Faculty of Economics and Administration, Department of Regional Economics and Administration, 18 International Colloquium on Regional Sciences
(Hustopeče, 17-19 June 2015). 706-712.
Kangas, B. (2011). Complicating common ideas about medical tourism: Gender, class, and globality in Yemenis’ international medical travel. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 36(2), 327-332.
Knowledge@Wharton, Will medical tourism be India’s next big industry, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/healthybusiness-will-medical-tourism-be-indias- next-big-industry/ (2011).
Lindvall, O., & Hyun, I. (2009). Medical innovation versus stem cell tourism. Science, 324(5935), 1664-1665.
Lockington, D., Johnson, R., Patel, D. V., & McGhee, C. N. (2014). Healthcare and a holiday: The risks of LASIK tourism. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 97(4), 370-372.
Long, L., & Lexington, K. Y. (2004). Culinary tourism. The University Press of Kentucky. KY Lexington. ISBN 9780813122922.
Lucero, S. (2016). IoT platforms: Enabling the Internet of Things. White paper.
Lunt, N., Smith, R., Exworthy, M., T., Stephen, Horsfall, D., & Mannion, R. (2011). Medical tourism – Treatments, markets and health system implications: A scoping review, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publications Service, 2, rue André- Pascal (75775 PARIS CEDEX 16)
Mohanty, D., & Madhav, T. P. (2006). Medical tourism: India’s competitive advantage. Health tourism an Introduction, 73.
Mukherjee, W., & Mookerji, M. (2004). Hospitals busy tying up with Hospitality Inc. The Economic Times, 6.
OECD. (2007). Glossary of statistical terms. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris-France.
Paffhausen, A.L., Peguero, C., & Roche-Villarreal, L. (2010). Medical tourism: A survey. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington, D.C.
Pennings, G. (2002). Reproductive tourism as moral pluralism in motion. Journal of medical ethics, 28(6), 337-341.
Philipp, R., & Thorne, P. (2013). Tourism engaging with the public health agenda: Can we promote ‘wellville’, as a destination of choice?. Public health, 6(127), 601-602. [A response to Hartwell, H., Hemingway, A., Fyall, A., Filimonau, V., & Wall, S.
(2012). Tourism engaging with the public health agenda: Can we promote ‘wellville’as a destination of choice?. Public health, 126(12), 1072.]Pocock, N. S., & Phua, K. H. (2011). Medical tourism and policy implications for health systems: A conceptual framework from a comparative study of Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. Globalization and health, 7(1), 12.
Rana, P. (2014). Attacks on women rattle travelers to India – Visitors, citing reports of gang rapes, take extra security measures as officials try to reverse a slowdown in tourism. The Wall Street Journal, 08 January 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/rape-reports-tarnish-india8217s-appeal-as-a-tourist-destination-1389230056?tesla=y
Sadry, B. N. (2009). Fundamentals of geotourism with a special emphasis on Iran. Tehran: Samt Organization publishers (220 pp. English Summary available Online at: http://physio-geo. revues. org/3159.
Seaton, A. V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 234- 244.
Singh, L. (2014). An evaluation of medical tourism in India. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(1), 1-11.
Snyder, J. C., Silva, D. S., & Crooks, V. A. (2016). Unpacking the financial costs of “bariatric tourism” gone wrong: Who holds responsibility for costs to the Canadian health care system?. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 59(6), 369.
IMTJ. (2017). India medical tourism statistics released, (20 July 2017). Retrieved from: https://www.imtj.com/news/indiamedical-tourism-statistics-released/.
Stokes, A., Cook, S., & Drew, D. (2003). Geotourism: The New Trend in Travel. (Washington, DC: National Geographic Traveler and Travel Industry Association of America).
Sujatha, K., & Kumar, K. S. (2006). World class treatment at third world prices in India. SMART Journal of Business Management Studies, 2(1), 94-97.
Swamy, N. (2014). The preferred destination. India today. Retrieved from: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/world-classtreatment- and-cheaper-deals-medical-assistance/1/347252.html (2014) The International Ecotourism Society. (2018). What is Ecotourism?. [Electronic Resource]. URL: www.ecotourism.org. Retrieved 28.05.2018.
Turner, L. (2008). ‘Medical tourism’ initiatives should exclude commercial organ transplantation. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(8), 391-394. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2008.080058
Whittaker, A. (2008). Pleasure and pain: Medical travel in Asia. Global Public Health, 3(3), 271-290.
Wong, K. M., & Musa, G. (2012). Medical tourism in Asia: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and India. Medical tourism: the ethics, regulation, and marketing of health mobility. London and New York: Routledge, 167-186.
WWTC. (2018). The data from the official website of The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). [Electronic Resource]. URL: www.wttc.org/ Retrieved: 04.06.2018
Zavlin, D., Chegireddy, V., Echo, A., Friedman, J. D., & Heller, L. (2018). Population health implications of medical tourism. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 141(3), 464e–465e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004159
Abubakar, A. M., & Ilkan, M. (2016). Impact of online WOM on destination trust and intention to travel: A medical tourism perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(3), 192-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.12.005
Adabi, K., Stern, C. S., Weichman, K. E., Garfein, E. S., Pothula, A., Draper, L., & Tepper, O. M. (2017). Population health implications of medical tourism. Plast Reconstr Surg, 140(1), 66-74. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003459
Ahwireng‐Obeng, F., & van Loggerenberg, C. (2011). Africa's middle class women bring entrepreneurial opportunities in breast care medical tourism to South Africa. The International journal of health planning and management, 26(1), 39-55. doi: 10.1002/hpm.1034
Álvarez, M. M., Chanda, R., & Smith, R. D. (2011). The potential for bi-lateral agreements in medical tourism: A qualitativ study of stakeholder perspectives from the UK and India. Globalization and health, 7(1), 11.
Badulescu, D., & Badulescu, A. (2014). Medical tourism: Between entrepreneurship opportunities and bioethics boundaries: Narrative review article. Iranian journal of public health, 43(4), 406-415.
Baker, D. M. (2015). Medical tourism development, challenges and opportunities for Asia. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 6(12), 193-210.
Barnato, K. (2014). Top destinations for health tourism. CNBC LLC, A Division of NBC Universal. Retrieved from: http://www.cnbc.com/2014/03/12/top-destinations-for-health-tourism.html
Bartold, P. M. (2010). Medical tourism – An emerging problem. Australian Dental Journal, 55(4), 357-357. doi: 10.1111/j.1834- 7819.2010.01254.x
Beladi, H., Chao, C.-C., Ee, M. S., & Hollas, D. (2015). Medical tourism and health worker migration in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 46, 391-396. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.045
Bies, W., & Zacharia, L. (2007). Medical tourism: Outsourcing surgery. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46(7-8), 1144- 1159. doi: 10.1016/j.mcm.2007.03.027
Birch, D. W., Vu, L., Karmali, S., Stoklossa, C. J., & Sharma, A. M. (2010). Medical tourism in bariatric surgery. The American Journal of Surgery, 199(5), 604-608. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.01.002
Biuso, E. (23 November 2007). Down on the farm with your sleeves rolled up. The New York Times, Retrieved: 14.05.2018 Boley, B., Nickerson, N., & Bosak, K. (2016). A critical examination exploring the differences between geotourism and ecotourism. Travel and Tourism Research Association.
Bujdosó, Z., & Dávid, L. (2013). Extreme sports and other activities in tourism with special regard to the Mátra Mountain. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 13(1), 39-45.
Cai, S. S., Chopra, K,, & Lifchez, S. D. (2016) Management of Mycobacterium abscessus infection after medical tourism in cosmetic surgery and a review of literature. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 77(6), 678-682 doi: 10.1097/SAP.00000000000007
Carrera, P. M., & Bridges, J. F. (2006). Globalization and healthcare: Understanding health and medical tourism. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research, 6(4), 447-454.
Chaniotis, A. (2005). Ritual dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean: Case studies in ancient Greece and Asia Minor. In: Rethinking the Mediterranean. Oxford, S.141-166.
Chantrapornchai, C., & Choksuchat, C. (2016). Ontology construction and application in practice case study of health tourism in Thailand. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 2106.
Cheah, C.-F., & Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2014). Tourism, health and income in Malaysia. SHS Web of Conferences, 12. doi: 10.1051/shsconf/20141201039
Chen, Y. Y. B., & Flood, C. M. (2013). Medical tourism’s impact on health care equity and access in low- and middle-income countries: Making the case for regulation. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 41(1), 286-300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12019
Chin, J. J. L., & Campbell, A. V. (2012). Transplant tourism or international transplant medicine? A case for making the distinction. American Journal of Transplantation, 12(7), 1700-1707.
Chuang, T. C., Liu, J. S., Lu, L. Y., & Lee, Y. (2014). The main paths of medical tourism: From transplantation to beautification. Tourism Management, 45, 49-58. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.016
Cohen, I. G. (2012). How to regulate medical tourism (and why it matters for bioethics). Developing world bioethics, 12(1), 9-20.
Connell, J. (2013). Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and commodification. Tourism Management, 34, 1- 13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.05.009
Cormany, D., & Baloglu, S. (2011). Medical travel facilitator websites: An exploratory study of web page contents and services offered to the prospective medical tourist. Tourism Management, 32(4), 709-716.
Crush, J., & Chikanda, A. (2015). South–South medical tourism and the quest for health in Southern Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 124, 313-320.
Dawn, S. K., & Pal, S. (2011). Medical tourism in India: issues, opportunities and designing strategies for growth and development. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(3), 7-10.
Department of Industry, Science and Resources. (2000). Towards a National Sports Tourism Strategy–Draft. Commonwealth of Australia.
Ehrbeck, T., Guevara, C., & Mango, P. D. (2008). Mapping the market for medical travel. The McKinsey Quarterly, 11.
Engleson, S. (2017). The future of voice from smartphones to smart speakers to smart homes. December, Comscore.com
FICCI, Ernst & Young. (2007). Ernst and Young Analysis along with FICCI. Retrieved from http://www.ficci.com/mediaroom/speeches-presentations/2007/jan07/ExecutiveSummaryReport.pdf
Gan, L. L., & Song, H. (2012). A SWOT Analysis of medical tourism: India and South Korea. Available at SSRN 2194856.
Gannon, M. J. et al. (2017). Travelling for Umrah: Destination attributes, destination image, and post-travel intentions. The Service Industries Journal, 37(7-8), 448-465. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2017.1333601
Garcia-Altes, A. (2005). The development of health tourism services. Annals of tourism research, 32(1), 262-266.
Glinos, I. A., Baeten, R., & Maarse, H. (2010). Purchasing health services abroad: Practices of cross-border contracting and patient mobility in six European countries. Health Policy, 95(2-3), 103-112.
Herrick, D. M. (2007). Medical tourism: Global competition in health care. National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), Policy Report, 304, 19-20.
Horowitz, M. D., Rosensweig, J. A., & Jones, C. A. (2007). Medical tourism: Globalization of the healthcare marketplace. Medscape General Medicine, 9(4), 33.
Hrelia, S. (2015). Food, tourism and health: A possible sinergy?. Almatourism-Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, 6(11), 1-10.
Iorio, M. L., Verma, K., Ashktorab, S., & Davison, S. P. (2014). Medical tourism in plastic surgery: ethical guidelines and practice standards for perioperative care. Aesthetic plastic surgery, 38(3), 602-607. doi: 10.1007/s00266-014-0322-6
Jaapar, M., Musa, G., Moghavvemi, S., & Saub, R. (2017). Dental tourism: Examining tourist profiles, motivation and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 61, 538-552.
Jamison, D. T. et al. (Eds.). (2017). Global health 2035: A world converging within a generation. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
JCI, JCI-Accredited Organizations, http://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/about-jci/jci- accredited-organizations/ (2013).
Kajzar, P. (2015). Selected Destinations for Health and Wellness Tourism in Europe. XVIII. mezinárodní kolokvium oregionálních vědách. Sborník příspěvků. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, [Masaryk University’s Faculty of Economics and Administration, Department of Regional Economics and Administration, 18 International Colloquium on Regional Sciences
(Hustopeče, 17-19 June 2015). 706-712.
Kangas, B. (2011). Complicating common ideas about medical tourism: Gender, class, and globality in Yemenis’ international medical travel. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 36(2), 327-332.
Knowledge@Wharton, Will medical tourism be India’s next big industry, http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/healthybusiness-will-medical-tourism-be-indias- next-big-industry/ (2011).
Lindvall, O., & Hyun, I. (2009). Medical innovation versus stem cell tourism. Science, 324(5935), 1664-1665.
Lockington, D., Johnson, R., Patel, D. V., & McGhee, C. N. (2014). Healthcare and a holiday: The risks of LASIK tourism. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 97(4), 370-372.
Long, L., & Lexington, K. Y. (2004). Culinary tourism. The University Press of Kentucky. KY Lexington. ISBN 9780813122922.
Lucero, S. (2016). IoT platforms: Enabling the Internet of Things. White paper.
Lunt, N., Smith, R., Exworthy, M., T., Stephen, Horsfall, D., & Mannion, R. (2011). Medical tourism – Treatments, markets and health system implications: A scoping review, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publications Service, 2, rue André- Pascal (75775 PARIS CEDEX 16)
Mohanty, D., & Madhav, T. P. (2006). Medical tourism: India’s competitive advantage. Health tourism an Introduction, 73.
Mukherjee, W., & Mookerji, M. (2004). Hospitals busy tying up with Hospitality Inc. The Economic Times, 6.
OECD. (2007). Glossary of statistical terms. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris-France.
Paffhausen, A.L., Peguero, C., & Roche-Villarreal, L. (2010). Medical tourism: A survey. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington, D.C.
Pennings, G. (2002). Reproductive tourism as moral pluralism in motion. Journal of medical ethics, 28(6), 337-341.
Philipp, R., & Thorne, P. (2013). Tourism engaging with the public health agenda: Can we promote ‘wellville’, as a destination of choice?. Public health, 6(127), 601-602. [A response to Hartwell, H., Hemingway, A., Fyall, A., Filimonau, V., & Wall, S.
(2012). Tourism engaging with the public health agenda: Can we promote ‘wellville’as a destination of choice?. Public health, 126(12), 1072.]Pocock, N. S., & Phua, K. H. (2011). Medical tourism and policy implications for health systems: A conceptual framework from a comparative study of Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. Globalization and health, 7(1), 12.
Rana, P. (2014). Attacks on women rattle travelers to India – Visitors, citing reports of gang rapes, take extra security measures as officials try to reverse a slowdown in tourism. The Wall Street Journal, 08 January 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.wsj.com/articles/rape-reports-tarnish-india8217s-appeal-as-a-tourist-destination-1389230056?tesla=y
Sadry, B. N. (2009). Fundamentals of geotourism with a special emphasis on Iran. Tehran: Samt Organization publishers (220 pp. English Summary available Online at: http://physio-geo. revues. org/3159.
Seaton, A. V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 234- 244.
Singh, L. (2014). An evaluation of medical tourism in India. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(1), 1-11.
Snyder, J. C., Silva, D. S., & Crooks, V. A. (2016). Unpacking the financial costs of “bariatric tourism” gone wrong: Who holds responsibility for costs to the Canadian health care system?. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 59(6), 369.
IMTJ. (2017). India medical tourism statistics released, (20 July 2017). Retrieved from: https://www.imtj.com/news/indiamedical-tourism-statistics-released/.
Stokes, A., Cook, S., & Drew, D. (2003). Geotourism: The New Trend in Travel. (Washington, DC: National Geographic Traveler and Travel Industry Association of America).
Sujatha, K., & Kumar, K. S. (2006). World class treatment at third world prices in India. SMART Journal of Business Management Studies, 2(1), 94-97.
Swamy, N. (2014). The preferred destination. India today. Retrieved from: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/world-classtreatment- and-cheaper-deals-medical-assistance/1/347252.html (2014) The International Ecotourism Society. (2018). What is Ecotourism?. [Electronic Resource]. URL: www.ecotourism.org. Retrieved 28.05.2018.
Turner, L. (2008). ‘Medical tourism’ initiatives should exclude commercial organ transplantation. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 101(8), 391-394. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2008.080058
Whittaker, A. (2008). Pleasure and pain: Medical travel in Asia. Global Public Health, 3(3), 271-290.
Wong, K. M., & Musa, G. (2012). Medical tourism in Asia: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and India. Medical tourism: the ethics, regulation, and marketing of health mobility. London and New York: Routledge, 167-186.
WWTC. (2018). The data from the official website of The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). [Electronic Resource]. URL: www.wttc.org/ Retrieved: 04.06.2018
Zavlin, D., Chegireddy, V., Echo, A., Friedman, J. D., & Heller, L. (2018). Population health implications of medical tourism. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 141(3), 464e–465e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004159
How to Cite
Dr. Nagma Sona, & Harish D. N. (2018). HEALTHCARE TOURISM: CONCEPTUAL RELEVANCE IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT. International Journal of Trade and Global Business Perspectives, 7(04), 4037-40450. Retrieved from https://tgbp.gfer.org/index.php/tgbp/article/view/15
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